Long the domain of government research and international collaborations, private-sector fusion companies in North America and Europe attracted $300 million in investment in 2020, about 20% of their historical total, according to the research group BloombergNEF. This year’s total may beat last year and 2019.
There are a couple of dozen contenders, with several stand-outs. Over its 23 years in existence, TAE Technologies, based in Orange County, California, has raised $880 million, at least 15% of it this year. First Light Fusion, which grew out of the University of Oxford, raised at least $25 million last year for reactor development. The promise of these start-ups has drawn attention and resources from high-profile investors looking for carbon-free power. Backed by Jeff Bezos, General Fusion is expecting to build a test facility in the U.K. that switches on by 2025; a commercial plant should follow well within a decade. Energy companies including ENI, Equinor, Cenovus, and Chevron have invested in fusion, according to BloombergNEF.
Interest is so high that an organization not known for agreeing on much of anything—the U.S. federal government—included $4.7 billion in authorized spending for nuclear fusion and related science in a bill passed in December 2020. The total includes $1.5 billion for ITER, which is a $25-billion fusion reactor going up in southern France that 35 nations are working on. The National Academy of Sciences in February published a report recommending that “the Department of Energy and the private sector should produce net electricity in a fusion pilot plant in the United States in the 2035-2040 timeframe.”
Scientists have yet to start a fusion reaction that sustainably produces more energy than it uses. But the excitement has grown as government and private plans move incrementally closer to the breakeven or “net-energy gain” threshold.
Progress has come from several innovations, according to Arthur Turrell, author of The Star Builders, a popular science book about fusion power that was published this month. Some advances are technological, such as using lasers to confine reactions. Another is advanced computing, which has let engineers design machines to a precision previously unthinkable. One beneficiary of such innovation took another step toward reality this month when German scientists made progress on a device called the Wendelstein 7-X.
A third is all the private sector attention. If one of the startups reliably reaches “ignition”—the holy grail of producing more energy than the reaction uses—it can turn to build plants safely. “That’s the first step” toward commercialization, Turrell said. “It’s like the Wright brothers’ plane first taking flight: You wouldn’t have wanted to get on that flight but it demonstrates the proof of principle.”
The practical headaches are great, even if they’re not quite as tricky as building a tiny sun on Earth. There are materials that must withstand stellar heat for decades without failing. A key nuclear fuel, tritium, needs to be manufactured before an industry can take off. Regulators will regulate, and everyone will fight and sue about it. And here’s how to safely capture the heat to do something, ultimately, simple—boil water, to make steam, to spin a turbine, to generate electricity.
