UK refineries are being killed off by high carbon costs. How U.S. Blue States are following the same playbook
Britain’s downstream oil sector is shrinking in real time. Two refineries closed in 2025—Grangemouth in April and Lindsey in August—leaving only four operating sites: Fawley, Humber, Pembroke, and Stanlow. Liquid fuels still account for 47 percent of UK final energy consumption. There are no scalable near-term substitutes for diesel in freight, agriculture, and construction or […]
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